What agricultural innovation did early civilizations use to get water from the rivers to their crops?

Artificial irrigation was a key innovation, which underwent significant improvement over time. At first, irrigation was conducted by siphoning water directly from the Tigris-Euphrates river system directly onto the fields using small canals and shadufs – crane-like water lifts that have existed in Mesopotamia since c.

How has agriculture in the United States contributed to problems with water?

Soil erosion, nutrient loss, bacteria from livestock manure, and pesticides constitute the primary stressors to water quality. Why? Nutrients in fertilizer and livestock manure, pesticides, and other substances don't always remain stationary on the landscape where they are applied.

What advances in water management made early civilizations more successful at farming?

As better techniques developed, societies in Egypt and China built irrigation canals, dams, dikes, and water storage facilities . Ancient Rome built structures called aqueducts to carry water from snowmelt in the Alps to cities and towns in the valleys below. This water was used for drinking, washing, and irrigation.

How did farmers water their crops in the 1800s?

Small-scale irrigation in the nineteenth century involved diverting water onto fields or using windmills to pump water from shallow aquifers .

Which states in the US use the most water for agriculture?

Arid Western states — like California (No. 1), Arizona (No. 4), and Nevada (No. 10) — use the most water, 2.8–4.7 acre-feet per acre of farmland.

What percent of US water is used for agriculture?

Here are 16 interesting facts about water use by America's farms. Agriculture accounts for approximately 80 percent of the United States' consumptive water use and over 90 percent in many Western States.

What pollutants are most likely released into bodies of water by agriculture?

Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are used to kill agricultural pests. These chemicals can enter and contaminate water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition. They can poison fish and wildlife, contaminate food sources, and destroy the habitat that animals use for protective cover.

How did river valley civilizations bring water to crops?

To provide water, they dug irrigation ditches that carried river water to their fields and allowed them to produce a surplus of crops. For defense, they built city walls with mud bricks.

What agricultural process is used to supply crops with water?

Water applied as irrigation allows for crop production in arid regions and supplements soil moisture in humid regions when growing season precipitation is insufficient. Irrigation has enhanced both the productivity and profitability of the agricultural sector.

What did ancient farmers build to bring water to their crops?

History of Irrigation Early societies constructed canals, ditches, and reservoirs to divert water from rivers and streams onto fields. In Ancient Mesopotamia in 6000 BC, the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was relied on to provide water for irrigation.

What did most early civilizations develop near water supply?

Rivers were attractive locations for the first civilizations because they provided a steady supply of drinking water and made the land fertile for growing crops. Moreover, goods and people could be transported easily, and the people in these civilizations could fish and hunt the animals that came to drink water.

Innovative agricultural production with treated water: first living lab in operation (2024)

In these times of climate change and local water shortages, a farm in the district of Gifhorn in Lower Saxony is breaking new ground by means of a large-scale experiment with the aim of water-conserving vegetable production: In a hydroponic cultivation system, plants are kept in containers without soil. They are fed via a nutrient solution and are watered with specially treated wastewater. “Hydroponic systems are already efficient in themselves, as they require only small amounts of water,” says HypoWave+ project manager Thomas Dockhorn from the Technical University of Braunschweig. “The HypoWave system’s special feature is to use treated high-quality irrigation water obtained from municipal wastewater, thus completely replacing the use of fresh water. Compared to conventional agricultural irrigation, water resources can therefore be used much more efficiently.”

A more efficient cultivation method

The innovative HypoWave system not only offers an alternative to irrigation with drinking water and groundwater, but also uses an optimized nutrient supply. “The plants are directly supplied with important substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the treated water. The water quality is particularly high, as it is rich in nutrients and free from pollutants and pathogens,” explains Dockhorn. This process was developed and scientifically tested from 2016 to 2019 in the HypoWave pilot project at the Wolfsburg-Hattorf wastewater treatment plant. Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the project consortium also investigated the transferability of the process to different applications, process chains for water treatment and different plant varieties in the run-up to the experiment. The first large-scale implementation of the hydroponic irrigation system is now taking place in a section of the 1,600 square meter greenhouse at IseBauern GmbH & Co. KG. As a practice partner in the research project, the agricultural business from Wahrenholz in the district of Gifhorn is assuming responsibility for cultivation in the immediate vicinity of a sewage pond belonging to the Gifhorn Water Association. The implementation has been scientifically accompanied since 2021 in the follow-up project HypoWave+.

Largest living lab of its kind

“The launch of this so far largest living lab of its kind by the Ise farmers and the cooperation with the Gifhorn municipal water board is an extraordinary opportunity for research,” says project coordinator Martina Winker from ISOE - Institute for Social-Ecological Research. “We can scientifically accompany the development of the HypoWave system with all its scientific, technical and social innovations from the pilot project to market readiness and deal in-depth with questions of quality management, marketing as well as matters concerning the cooperation between the stakeholders involved.” It would now be a great step ahead for science and agriculture alike if the HypoWave system proved to be viable at this location so that best practice recommendations could be developed for other locations. “It will be decisive for the success of this real-world laboratory that the involved stakeholders from the realms of water treatment, crop cultivation, logistics and trade are well networked and that the products can be successfully marketed via regional sales structures.”

Despite water scarcity: regional food production in times of climate change

In future, the entire greenhouse area of the Ise farmers can be supplied with HypoWave water. The annual yield of tomatoes will eventually be up to 11,000 kilograms. In the first year of harvest, two of the 15 cultivation lines intended for tomatoes will be grown with treated water. The agricultural products thus obtained will be sold via the farm’s direct marketing, farm stores and regional supermarkets run by project partner Edeka-Ankermann. The cultivation method and certified product quality are communicated to customers via a QR code on the tomatoes' cardboard packaging “We see the cultivation experiment as an investment in the future and a measure to adapt to climate change,” says Stefan Pieper from IseBauern GmbH. “With the HypoWave system, we can become independent of seasonal water shortages and protect our harvests from extreme weather conditions. This cultivation method can therefore prove to be a real alternative for agriculture, mostly because it conserves water, reuses nutrients and enables regional vegetable production. With the living lab we would like to pave the way for this.”

Advantages for operators of municipal sewage treatment plants

Cultivation with the specially treated HypoWave water (as mentioned below)is also proving to be sustainable for municipal operators of wastewater treatment plants who want to make their sewage ponds available for water reuse. “The water needed for growing vegetables is taken from the sewage ponds. It is treated to a high quality in a multi-stage process with a micro sieve, an innovative activated carbon biofilter, a sand filter and a UV reactor. The highly purified water thus obtained flows back into the sewage ponds,” explains Thomas Dockhorn. This additional purification process saves the operators the costly construction of pumping stations and pipes to the nearest wastewater treatment plant, which would otherwise be required in a few years’ time. “The cultivation method in a greenhouse with treated water in the vicinity of our ponds is uncharted territory for us, but is already proving to be a win-win situation for agriculture and municipal water utilities,” says Christian Lampe, Managing Director of the Gifhorn Water Association. “We are also hoping for impetus for increased use in conventional irrigation.”

Invitation for media

On August 20, 2024 starting at 16:30, the opening ceremony of the real laboratory in Warenholz will take place for invited guests. Representatives of the media are cordially invited to visit the facilities. Please register at hypowave@isoe.de. Information on the opening ceremony can be found here: Invitation flyer opening party (German version only)

The HypoWave+ research project

The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) is funding the joint project "HypoWave+ - Implementation of a hydroponic system as a sustainable innovation for resource-efficient agricultural water reuse" as part of the funding measure "Water technologies: Water Reuse" within the federal program "Wasser: N". Wasser: N is part of the BMBF strategy "Research for Sustainability" (FONA). The funding amounts to 2.8 million euros. The research consortium under the lead of the Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute for Urban Water Management (ISWW), comprises the following project partners ISOE - Institute for Social-Ecological Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, the University of Hohenheim (UHOH), Abwasserverband Braunschweig (AVB), Wasserverband Gifhorn (WVGF), IseBauern GmbH & Co. KG, Xylem Water Solutions Deutschland GmbH, Ankermann GmbH & Co. KG, Huber SE and INTEGAR - Institut für Technologien im Gartenbau GmbH.

Scientific contact:

Project management

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Dockhorn
Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute for Urban Water Management
Pockelsstr. 2a
38106 Braunschweig
Phone +49 531 391-7937
t.dockhorn@tu-braunschweig.de
www.tu-braunschweig.de/isww

Project coordination

Dr. Martina Winker
ISOE – Institute for Social-Ecological Research
Hamburger Allee 45
60486 Frankfurt am Main
Phone +49 69 707 6919-53
martina.winker@isoe.de
www.isoe.de

Press contact:

Melanie Neugart
ISOE – Institute for Social-Ecological Research
Phone +49 69 707 6919-51
neugart@isoe.de
www.isoe.de